 |
|
|
|
|
|
WASHINGTON -- When an unsuspecting drug dealer opens the door to a police informant masquerading as a customer, is he also opening the door for the police to come in and conduct a search of his home without a warrant? The Supreme Court agreed Monday to answer that question, which has divided the lower federal courts. Several federal circuits have adopted what has come to be called a consent-once-removed exception to the Fourth Amendment's warrant requirement. The theory is that a suspect who consents to the entry of someone who is really an agent of the police is also, albeit unknowingly, agreeing to let the police enter as well. The police do not need a warrant to enter and search a home if they have the permission of a person authorized to give it. The new Supreme Court case is an appeal filed by five Utah police officers, members of the Central Utah Narcotics Task Force, who face paying damages to a man in whose home they conducted a search later found to be unconstitutional. The federal appeals court in Denver rejected their claim of immunity. The case presents complex questions of constitutional law, official immunity and the relationship between the two. Events in 2002 form the background to the case. A confidential informant working with the officers bought $100 worth of methamphetamine from Afton D. Callahan, inside Mr. Callahan's trailer home in Fillmore, Utah. By prearrangement, the officers entered the trailer as soon as they received a signal from the informant, who was wearing a wire, that the sale had been completed. At Mr. Callahan's trial in state court for possession and distribution of methamphetamine, the judge rejected the defense argument that the evidence should be suppressed because the search without a warrant was unconstitutional. Mr. Callahan then agreed to a conditional guilty plea while appealing the constitutional issue. A Utah appeals court agreed with him, declared the search unconstitutional, and overturned the conviction. Free of criminal liability, Mr. Callahan then sued the officers for violating his rights under the Fourth Amendment. In response, the officers argued that they were immune from suit under the doctrine of "qualified immunity," which provides that government officials cannot be held liable for violating a law or constitutional principle that was not clear at the time. A federal district judge, Paul G. Cassell, who later left the bench, ruled in 2006 that even assuming the search was unconstitutional, the police were entitled to immunity because they could reasonably have believed at the time that the law was on their side. He noted that three federal appellate circuits, although not the one that includes Utah, had accepted the "consent-once-removed" notion. The United States Court of Appeals for the 10th Circuit, in Denver, disagreed and reinstated Mr. Callahan's lawsuit. The appeals court, declining to adopt the consent-once-removed exception, held that the search violated Mr. Callahan's "clearly established" right "to be free in one's home from unreasonable searches and arrests." The Constitution was so clear on this point, the appeals court said, that a reasonable police officer would have known not to proceed without a warrant. In accepting the officers' appeal for argument next November, the justices added an issue of their own that substantially increases the prospective importance of the case, Pearson v. Callahan, No. 07-751. The question is how courts are to evaluate officials' claims of immunity from suit for constitutional violations. The Supreme Court last considered this issue in a 2001 decision, Saucier v. Katz, which required courts to consider the issue in a precise order, first deciding what the constitutional rule should be and whether the Constitution was violated, and only then deciding whether the issue had been sufficiently unclear at the time so as to make the defendant entitled to immunity. The rule of Saucier v. Katz has been severely criticized, both inside the court and outside, for making judges do the hard work of deciding disputed constitutional issues that need not have been decided if, at the end of the day, the lawsuit was going to be dismissed on the ground of official immunity. The court's purpose in deciding the Saucier case the way it did was to avoid a situation in which the law is never clarified because its very lack of clarity entitles defendant after defendant to official immunity. Only by deciding whether a constitutional right was violated in the first place would "the process for the law's elaboration from case to case" be preserved, Justice Anthony M. Kennedy wrote in the Saucier majority opinion. But in the view of the decision's many critics, it has not turned out that way. Judge Pierre N. Leval of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, in Manhattan, said in a lecture at New York University in 2005 that the Saucier decision was "a puzzling misadventure," imposing on judges "a new and mischievous rule." It was "a blueprint for the creation of bad constitutional law," he said, because often the constitutional holding would not actually matter to the parties in a case that could be resolved more simply through a decision on immunity. In an opinion last year, Justice Stephen G. Breyer called for the Saucier decision to be overruled as a "failed experiment." His opinion came in the "Bong Hits for Jesus" case, in which the court struggled to decide whether a high school principal had violated a student's First Amendment right to free speech by suspending him for displaying a 14-foot banner bearing those words. The court ruled by a bare majority that the answer was no. Justice Breyer said the entire exercise could have been avoided if the court, acknowledging that the question was close, had simply granted the principal immunity from suit. Although Justice Breyer spoke only for himself in that case, Morse v. Frederick, he evidently captured his colleagues' attention. In its order on Monday granting the appeal in the Utah case, the justices instructed the lawyers for both sides to brief and argue a question that neither side had raised: "Whether the court's decision in Saucier v. Katz should be overruled?" In other action on Monday, the court rejected an appeal concerning an Arizona county jail's policy on abortions for pregnant prisoners. The unwritten policy requiring an inmate to obtain a court order before jail officials would transport her for an abortion was found by an Arizona appeals court to place an undue burden on the right to abortion. The justices, without comment, turned down the Maricopa County sheriff's appeal, Arpaio v. Doe, No. 07-839. |
|
We are careful not to duplicate the efforts of other organizations, and as a grassroots coalition of prisoners and social reformers, our resources (time and money) are limited. The vast expertise and scope of the various drug reform organizations will enable you to stay informed on the ever-changing, many-faceted aspects of the movement. Our colleagues in reform also give the latest drug war news. Please check their websites often. |
|
|
 |
